William J. Clancey Publications

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Books and Monographs
   
• Mars Analog Research: Haughton-Mars Project and Mars Society Publications (1998–2014)
   
• Work Systems Design Methodology
   
• Brahms: Mobile Agents Project
   
• Brahms: Simulating Human Activity
   
• Situated Cognition: Understanding Knowledge, Practice, and Consciousness (2000–present)
   
• Situated Cognition: Early publications (1987-1999)
   
• Expert Systems and Education: Early Artificial Intelligence Publications (1977-1990)

Most recent books —

Publications (1977 - Present)

MARS ANALOG RESEARCH

• See HAUGHTON-MARS PROJECT & MARS SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS for repository of NASA field expeditions, including publications, photographs, field reports, and conference presentations.
   

WORK SYSTEMS DESIGN METHODOLOGY

• Clancey, W. J. (2006) Observation of work practices in natural settings. In A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich & R. Hoffman (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook on Expertise and Expert Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127-145.
   
• Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., & Seah, C. (2009) Workflow agents versus expert systems: Problem solving methods in work systems design. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 23: 357–371. Published by Cambridge University Press.
   
• Vertesi, J. Pappalardo, R., Alexander, C., Clancey, W. J., Cohen, B., Dourish, P., Johnson, J., Larsen, B., Lichtenberg, K., Linde, C., Maxwell, S., Mirmalek, Z., & Moore, J. (2009) Sociological Considerations for the Success of Planetary Exploration Missions. A white paper submitted for consideration to the Planetary Science Decadal Survey 2013-2020 Committee.
   
• Clancey, W. J. (2010) A design framework for integrating instruments, software, processes, and organization in telerobotic mission operations: Experience with the Mars Exploration Rovers. Presented at the Design Theory Workshop of the International Design Society, Mines Paristech (School of Mines of Paris), February.

• Clancey, W. J. (2014) Advances in Developing Physical and Cognitive Surrogates for Remote Operations—The Mars Exploration Rovers as Collaboration Tools. Twenty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Senior Member Presentation, July 2014
   
• Atkinson, D., Clancey, W.J. & Clark, M. (2014) Shared Awareness, Autonomy and Trust in Human-Robot Teamwork.  AAAI Fall Symposium Series. Available: https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/FSS/FSS14/paper/view/9146.
   
• Neuhaus, P., Raj, A., & Clancey, W. J. (2015) Human-Centered Cognitive Orthoses: Artificial Intelligence for, Rather Than Instead of, the People. AI Magazine, 36(4) 9–11.
   
• Abdullah, N., Clancey, W. J., Raj, A., Zain, A., Khalid, K., Ooi, A. (2018). Application of a Double-Loop Learning Approach for Healthcare Systems Design in an Emerging Market. IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Software Engineering in Healthcare Systems (SEHS), Gothenburg, pp. 10-13.
   
• Mueller, S.T., Hoffman, R.R., Clancey, W.J., Emrey, A., & Klein, G. (2019) Explanation in Human-AI Systems: A Literature Meta-Review, Synopsis of Key Ideas and Publications, and Bibliography for Explainable AI. Report on Award No. FA8650-17-2-7711, DARPA XAI Program. DTIC accession number AD1073994.

BRAHMS: Mobile Agents Project

       Articles are ordered chronologically, most recent first. See also annual Mars Society Conference reports for field experiments at MDRS 2003-2006.

• Clancey, W. J. & van Hoof, R. (2013) The Metabolic Rate Advisor: Using agents to integrate sensors and legacy software. NASA Ames Research Center, Working Paper
   
• Clancey, W. J. and Lowry, M. (2012) Lunar Surface Systems Software Architecture Study: Interoperability. NASA Technical Publication 2012–216040, Washington, D.C.
   
• Clancey, W. J., Nado, R., van Hoof, R., Sierhuis, M., Lowry, M., Jones, G., Dvorak, D. (2012) Lunar Surface Systems Software Architecture Study: Open Architecture. NASA Technical Publication 2012–216041, Washington, D.C.
   
• Clancey, W. J., Lowry, M., Nado, R., Sierhuis, M. (2011) Software Productivity of Field Experiments Using the Mobile Agents Open Architecture with Workflow Interoperability.  Proceedings of IEEE Fourth International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT), Palo Alto, CA, August 2011, pp. 85-92.
   
• Keller, R., Clancey, W. J., Deans, M. C. Differding, J. C., Dodson, K. E., Enomoto, F. Y., Trimble, J. P., and Sims, M. H. (2011) Collaborative Systems for NASA Science, Engineering, and Mission Operations.  In W. W. Smari and G. C. Fox (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS) (pp. 618–624).  Philadelphia.
   
• Hall, T., Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., Hood, D., Tucker, T., Buckley, C. (2009) Automating ISS file management using agent-based systems integration.  In H. Lane & K. Lulla (Eds.), Biennial Research and Technology Research Report. Johnson Space Center, TM-2009-214795,  pp. 184-185.
    
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., Hall, T. (2009) NASA deploys intelligent software agent technology. PerAda Magazine. Article 10.2417/2200910.1823.
   
• Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., Seah, C., Buckley, C., Reynolds, F., Hall, T., Scott, M. (2008) Multi-agent simulation to implementation: A practical engineering methodology for designing space flight operations. In A. Artikis, G. O'Hare, K. Stathis, & G. Vouros (Eds.), Engineering Societies in the Agents World VIII  (pp. 108-123). Athens, Greece, October 2007.  Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series, Volume 4995. Berlin: Springer.
   
• Pedersen, L., Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., Muscettola, N., Smith, D.E., Lees, D., Rajan, K., Ramakrishnan, S., Tompkins, P., Vera, A., Dayton, T. (2006) Field demonstration of surface human-robotic exploration activity. AAAI-06 Spring Symposium: Where no human-robot team has gone before, Stanford, March.
   
• Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Berrios, D., Dowding, J., Graham, J.S., Tyree, K.S., Hirsh, R.L., Garry, W.B., Semple, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J., Shadbolt, N. and Rupert, S. (2007) Automating CapCom using Mobile Agents and robotic assistants. NASA Technical Publication 2007-214554. Washington, D.C.
  • Presented at American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1st Space Exploration Conference, 31 Jan-1 Feb, 2005, Orlando, FL. 
  • Also in F. Crossman and R. Zubrin (eds.), On to Mars: Exploring and Settling a New World. Volume 2, Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 2005, CD-ROM.
  • NASA Report Site site: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search?q=214554&reportNumber=NASA%2FTP-2007-214554
  • See also NASA Mobile Agents Testbed: Evaluating CoAKTinG's e-Science Collaboration Tools. Accessed 30 November 2006.
     
• Lupisella, M., Mandl, D., Mishkin, A., Berry, M., Clancey, W., Proud, R., Hart, J. (2007) A Customer View of Goal-Based Operations for Human Space Exploration. Paper AIAA 2007-2712, presented at InfoTech 2007, Rohnert Park, CA.
   
• Hirsh, R., Graham, J., Tyree, K., Sierhuis, M., and Clancey, W. J. (2006) Intelligence for human-robotic planetary surface robots. In A. M. Howard and E. W. Tunstel (Eds.) Intelligence for Space Robotics (pp. 261-279). San Antonio: TSI Press.
   
• Dowding, J., Alena, R., Clancey, W. J., Graham, J., and Sierhuis, M. (2006) Are you talking to me? Dialogue systems supporting mixed teams of humans and robots. AAAI Fall Symposium 2006: Aurally Informed Performance: Integrating Machine Listening and Auditory Presentation in Robotic Systems (pp. 22–27). October, Washington, DC.
   
• Kaskiris, C., Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W.  J., van Hoof, R.  (2005) Mobile Agents: A Ubiquitous Multi-Agent System for Human-Robotic Planetary Exploration. 2nd International Symposium on Systems & Human Science. San Francisco.
   
• Clancey, W. J, Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Crawford, S., Dowding, J., Graham, J., Kaskiris, C., Tyree, K. S., and vanHoof, R. (2004) The Mobile Agents integrated field test: The Mars Desert Research Station April 2003. Proceedings of Florida AI Research Symposium (FLAIRS), Miami, May. CD-ROM.
   
• Clancey, W. J, Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Crawford, S., Dowding, J., Graham, J., Kaskiris, C., Tyree, K. S., and van Hoof, R. (2004) Mobile Agents: A distributed voice-commanded sensory and robotic system for surface EVA assistance. In R. B. Malla and A. Maji (Eds), Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments: Earth and Space 2004 (pp. 85–92). Houston: ASCE.
   
• Clancey, W. J. (2003) Agent interaction with human systems in complex environments: Requirements for automating the function of capcom in Apollo 17. AAAI Spring Symposium: Human Interaction with Autonomous Systems in Complex Environments, Stanford, March.
   
• Clancey, W. J, Sierhuis, M., Kaskiris, C., and van Hoof, R. (2003) Advantages of Brahms for specifying and implementing a multiagent human-robotic exploration system, Florida AI Research Symposium (FLAIRS).
   
• Clancey, W. J, Sierhuis, M., Kaskiris, C., and van Hoof, R. (2002) Brahms Mobile Agents: Architecture and field tests, AAAI Fall Symposium on Human-Robot Interaction, North Falmouth, MA. November.
   
• Garry, W. B., Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., Graham, J. S., Alena, R., Dowding, J., and Semple, A. (2005) Human - Robotic Field Relations for the Moon : Lessons from Simulated Martian EVAs. Space Resources Roundtable VII: LEAG Conference on Lunar Exploration, Abstract #2002.
   
• Garry, W. B., Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., and Hirsh, R. L. (2007) Mobile Agents Architecture: Voice-commanded EVA System to Assist Astronauts with Scientific Exploration on the Moon and Preparation for Future Mars Missions.  Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture, Houston, TX, February 27 - March 2 (Poster Presentation).
   

BRAHMS: Simulating Human Activity

• Book: Clancey, W. J. (2020) Designing Agents for People: Case Studies of the Brahms Work Practice Simulation Framework.  Kindle Print Replica e-Book (446 pages).
  • Excerpt at ResearchGate (36 pages) includes Table of Contents, lists of Figures and Tables, Preface, Reader's Guide with figures and tables sorted by topic, and tutorial-style Index.
  • Print Replica books are viewable on tablets and using the app "Kindle for Mac" (or for iPhone, PC, and Android). 
  • Internal hyperlinks for pages and figures/tables function on Kindle Fire tablets and on computers, using Kindle for Mac or PC.
     
• Seminal Publication:   Clancey, W. J., Sachs, P., Sierhuis, M., & van Hoof, R. (1998) Brahms: Simulating practice for work systems design. Int. J. Human-Computer Studies, 49, 831-865.
  • Original conference version: Brahms: Simulating practice for work systems design (1996). In P. Compton, R. Mizoguchi, H. Motoda, and T. Menzies (Eds.) Proceedings of Pacific Knowledge Acquisition Workshop PKAW’96. October 23–25. Coogee, Australia.
     
• Best Application: Clancey, W. J., Linde, C., Seah, C., Shafto, M. (2013) Work Practice Simulation of Complex Human-Automation Systems in Safety Critical Situations: The Brahms Generalized Überlingen Model. NASA Technical Publication 2013-216508, Washington, D.C.
  • See also:
    • Clancey, W. J. (2014) Simulating Cognitive Complexity in Work Systems, Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Publication-Based Presentation (extended abstract), July.
    • Clancey, W. J., et al. (2014) Work Practice Simulation of Complex Human-Automation Systems in Safety Critical Situations: The Brahms Generalized Überlingen Model. Extended Abstract AAAI 2014 Spring Symposium, Modeling in Human Machine Systems: Challenges for Formal Verification.
    • Clancey, W. J. (2015) Spatial conception of activities: a socio-cognitive perspective for simulating work practices. Cognitive Processing 16(1) 189–192.  Special Issue: ICSC 2015 - 6th International Conference on Spatial Cognition: Space and Situated Cognition. DOI:10.1007/s10339-015-0698-5 at SpringerLink. Invited Keynote Address (extended abstract), Rome, September.
    • Poster
       
• Patent: Clancey, W. J., Torok, D.M., Sierhuis, M., van Hoof, R., & Sachs, P. (2001) Simulating Work Behavior, US Patent 6,216,098, Institute for Research on Learning and Bell Atlantic Network Services, Inc.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., and van Hoof, R. (2009) Brahms An Agent-Oriented Language for Work Practice Simulation and Multi-Agent Systems Development. In A. El Fallah Seghrouchni, J. Dix, M. Dastani, & R. Bordini (Eds.), Multi-Agent Programming (2nd ed., pp. 73–117). Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89299-3_3
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., and van Hoof, R. (2007) Brahms: A multiagent modeling environment for simulating work practice in organizations. International Journal for Simulation and Process Modeling, 3 (3), 134-152.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Diegelman, T. E., Seah, C.,  Shalin, V., Clancey, W. J., Selvin, A. M. (2007) Agent-based Simulation of Shuttle Mission Operations. Agent-Directed Simulation, 2007 Spring Simulation Multiconference (SpringSim 2007) (pp. 53-60). Norfolk, VA, March.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., Seah, C., Acquisti, A., Bushnell, D., Damer, B., Dorighi, N., Edwards, L., Faithorn, L., Flueckiger, L., Hoof, R. v., Lees, D., Nandkumar, A., Neukom, C., Scott, M., Sims, M., Wales, R., Wang, S.-Y., Wood, J., and Zhang, B. (2006) Agent-based Mission Modeling and Simulation. Agent-Directed Simulation, 2006 Spring Simulation Multiconference (SpringSim 2006), Huntsville, AL.
   
• Clancey, W. J. (2005) Towards on-line services based on a holistic analysis of human activities In P. Ritrovato, C. Allison, S.A. Cerri, T. Dimitrakos, M. Gaeta and S. Salerno (Eds.), Towards the learning GRID: Advances in human learning services, Volume 127 (pp. 3–11), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, IOS Press.
  • Book Flyer from IOS Press. (ISBN: 1-58603-534-7)
  • Also: Proceedings of the 1st ELeGI conference: electronic Workshops in Computing (eWIC), The British Computer Society.
  • Originally presented at San Marino Summer School, Semantics and Pragmatics on the Web: Synergies between Philosophy and Computing, June 2001.
     
• Clancey, W. J, Sierhuis, M., Damer, B., Brodsky, B. (2005) Cognitive modeling of social behaviors. In R. Sun (Ed.), Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction: From Cognitive Modeling to Social Simulation (pp. 151-184). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   
• Seah, C., Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J. (2005) Multi-agent modeling and simulation approach for design and analysis of MER mission operations. SIMCHI'05 Human-Computer Interface Advances for Modeling and Simulation (pp. 73-78).
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J, Damer, B., Brodsky, B., and van Hoof, R. (2005) Human activity behavior and gesture generation in virtual worlds for long-duration space missions.  In S. R. Ellis, M. Slater, and T. Alexander (Eds.),  Intelligent Motion and Interaction within Virtual Environments (IMIVE), NASA/CP—2005–213468 (pp. 103-133).  Proceedings of IMIVE Conference, London, 2003.
   
• Clancey, W. J. (2004) Presentation: Applications for mission operations using multi-agent model-based instructional systems with virtual environments. Training for Tomorrow: Advanced Training Technologies (October 27) Houston, TX. (pdf)
   
• Farkin, B., Damer, B., Gold, S., Rasmussen, D., Neilson, M., Newman, P., Norkus, R., Bertelshems, B., Clancey, W. J., Sierhuis, M., Van Hoof, R. (2004) BrahmsVE: From human-machine systems modeling to 3D virtual environments. Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Simulation for European Space Programmes (SESP 2004), Noordwijk Holland, October 19-21.

• Damer, B., Rasmussen, D., Neilson, M., Newman, P., Norkus, R., Bertelshems, B., Clancey, W., Sierhuis, M., van Hoof, R., Shirley, M., & Cochrane, T. (2004) Data-Driven Virtual Environment Assembly and Operation. Extended abstract, Virtual Ironbird Workshop, Naval Postgraduate School, March 31–April 2.

• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., Seah, C., and Trimble, J., and Sims, M.H. (2003) Multiagent modeling and simulation in human-robot mission operations work system design, Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 85-128.
   
• Acquisti, A., Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., and Bradshaw, J. M. (2002) Agent-based modeling of collaboration and work practices onboard the International Space Station. Proceedings of the 11th Computer-Generated Forces and Behavior Representation Conference. Orlando, FL, May 7-9. Also presented at The First Lake Arrowhead Conference on Computational Social Science and Social Complexity, Lake Arrowhead, LA (UCLA), May 9-12.
   
• Clancey, W.J. (2002) Simulating activities: Relating motives, deliberation, and attentive coordination, Cognitive Systems Research 3(3) 471-499, September, special issue on situated and embodied cognition.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Acquisti, A., and Clancey, W. J. (2002) Multiagent plan execution and work practice: Modeling plans and work practices onboard the ISS, Proceedings of the 3rd International NASA Workshop on Planning and Scheduling for Space, Houston, TX, October.
   
• Sierhuis, M. and Clancey. W. J. (2002) Modeling and simulating work practice: A method for work systems design. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 17(5):32-41. Special issue on Human-Centered Computing at NASA, September/October.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., Sims, M.H. (2002) Multiagent modeling and simulation in human-robot mission operations work system design. In  Proceedings of the Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences.
   
• Clancey, W.J. and Sierhuis, M. (2002) Multiagent work practice simulation: Progress and challenges. Future Modeling and Simulation Challenges (pp. 18-1–18-16). RTO NATO Modelling and Simulation Group (NMSG) Conference, Breda, Netherlands, 12-14 November 2001.

• Sierhuis, M., R. van Hoof,  R., Clancey, W. J., Scott, M. (2001) From Work Practice Models and Simulation to Implementation of Human-Centered Agent Systems. Workshop on Agent Supported Cooperative Work (ASCW01), 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents. Montreal, Canada,  May 29.

• Bradshaw, J. M., Sierhuis, M., Gawdiak, Y., Thomas, H., Greaves, M. and Clancey, W. J. (2000) Human-Centered Design for the Personal Satellite Assistant. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aeronautics, Toulouse, France.

• Sierhuis, M., Sims, M. H., Clancey, W. J. and Lee, P. (2000) Applying multiagent simulation to planetary surface operations. In L. Chaudron (Ed.), COOP'2000 Workshop on Modelling Human Activity (pp. 19-28). Sophia Antipolis, France.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., van Hoof, R., and de Hoog, R. (2000) Modeling and simulating human activity. In M. Freed (Ed.), AAAI Fall Symposium on Simulating Human Agents (pp. 100-110). AAAI Press, North Falmouth, MA. This paper describes the Apollo example from Sierhuis's dissertation.
   
• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., van Hoof, R., and Hoog, R.  (2000) Modeling and simulating work practices from Apollo12. International Workshop on Simulation for European Space Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. 

• Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W. J., van Hoof, R., and Hoog, R.  (2000) Modeling and simulating human activity. In M. Petsch (Ed.), The Fourth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Workshop on Intelligent Agents for Computer Supported Co-operative Work: Technology and Risks. Barcelona. June.
  

• Sierhuis, M. and Clancey, W. J. (1997) Knowledge, practice, activities, and people. Proceedings of AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Management. Stanford University, CA.

• Clancey, W. J., Jordan, B., Sachs, P., and Torok, D. (1993) Formal modeling for work system design. AAAI National Conference, “Modeling in the Large” Workshop Abstract. Washington, D.C.
     

SITUATED COGNITION: Understanding Knowledge, Practice, and Consciousness (2000–present)

• Transactional Systems of Exploration and Learning: The Okeanos Explorer (in press) In J. Öhman, L. Östman, J. Garrison (Eds.), Deweyan Transactionalism in Education: Beyond Self-action and Inter-action. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 

• The Reflective Science of Ethnography and Its Role in Pragmatic Design (2018) Constructivist Foundations, 13 (1), 73–76.

• Working on Mars: Translating Planetary Field Science to Our Distant Lands (2014) KERB Journal of Landscape Architecture, 22, 56-59.  Special issue “Remoteness.” 

• Relating Modes of Thought (2011) In T. Bartscherer and R. Coover (Eds.),  Switching Codes: Thinking Through New Technology in the Humanities and the Arts (pp. 161-183). University of Chicago Press.
   
• A transactional perspective on the practice-based science of teaching and learning (2011) In T. Koschmann (Ed.), Theories of Learning and Studies of Instructional Practice (pp. 247-278). New York: Springer.
  • A transactional perspective on the workshop: Looking again and wondering, pp. 337-348.
  • Note: Chapter was written in 2005, revised 2007; response to commentaries written 2009.
     
• Consciousness, Schemas, and SETI: The Search for Human Intelligence (2010) CONTACT 2010 Conference Presentation.
   
• Being Scientific on Mars (2009) Presentation at CONTACT Conference, NASA Ames Research Center.
   
• Becoming a Rover (2009) In S. Turkle (Ed.), Simulation and Its Discontents (pp. 107-127). Cambridge: MIT Press.
   
• Feltovich, P. J., Bradshaw, J. M., Clancey, W. J., Johnson, M., and Bunch, L. (2008) Progress Appraisal as a Challenging Element in Human and Machine Joint Activity.  In A. Artikis, G. O'Hare, K. Stathis, & G. Vouros (Eds.), Engineering Societies in the Agents World VIII (pp. 124-141). Athens, Greece, October 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series, Volume 4995. Berlin: Springer.
   
• Scientific antecedents of situated cognition (2008) In Philip Robbins and Murat Aydede (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition (pp. 11-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Jacobson, M.J., Goldstone, R., Chi, M., Abrahamson, D., Kapur, M., Clancey, W.J. (2007) Complex Systems and the Cognitive Sciences: Potential for Pervasive Theoretical and Research Implications? In D.S. McNamara & J.G. Trafton (Eds.), 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2007), "CogSci in the Real World," (pp. 26–27). Nashville, TN. August.

• Feltovich, P. J., Bradshaw, J. M., Clancey, W. J., and Johnson, M. (2007) Toward an ontology of regulation: Socially-based support for coordination in human and machine joint activity.  In G. O'Hare et al. (Eds.), Engineering Societies in the Agents World 2006 (pp. 175–192). Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series, Volume 4457.Berlin: Springer.
   
• Clear Speaking about Machines: People are exploring Mars, not robots (2006). In T. Metzler (Ed.), The Human Implications of Human-Robotic Interaction. Papers from the AAAI Workshop, Technical Report WS-06-09. Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Press.
   
• How anchors allow reusing categories in neural composition of sentences (2006). Commentary on F. van der Velde & M. de Kamp: Neural blackboard architectures of combinatorial structures in cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 (1) 73-74, March.
   
• Folk theory of the social mind: Policies, principles, and foundational metaphors (2005). In B. G. Bara, L. Barsalou, and M. Bucciarelli (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 465-470). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Available at: https://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/CSJarchive/Proceedings/2005/docs/p465.pdf
   
• Modeling the perceptual component of conceptual learning--a coordination perspective (2005). In P. Gärdenfors and P. Johansson (Eds.), Cognition, Education and Communication Technology, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 109-146.
   
• The Newell Test should commit to diagnosing dysfunctions (2003). Commentary on Anderson and Lebiere: The Newell Test for a theory of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26(5) 604-5.
   
• The next Voyager Record: A technological perspective (2003). In S. McQueen, Speaking in Tongues. Musée D’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. 7 Février – 23 Mars, pp. 44–46.
  • French version: Le prochain message de Voyager: une perspective technologique, pp. 40–43.
  • Essay presented at exhibition: The next Voyager Record: A Qatsi perspective. Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, February 2003.
     
• Is abstraction a kind of idea or how conceptualization works? (2001). Cognitive Science Quarterly, 1 (3-4) 389-421, Abstraction in Context, special issue, Spring/Summer.
   
• Marooned on Mars: Mind-spinning books for software engineers (2000). Automated Software Engineering, 7, 201–205.
   
• Conceptual coordination bridges information processing and neurophysiology (2000). Behavioral and Brain Sciences, special issue "Sleep and Dreaming," 26(3) 919-922, December.
   
• Looking for higher-order consciousness (2000). CONTACT 2000: SETI and AI Symposium Presentation.
   

SITUATED COGNITION: Early Publications (1987–1999)

• Functional principles and situated problem solving (1987). Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10 (3), 479–480.
   
• Review of Winograd and Flores’s Understanding Computers and Cognition—A favorable interpretation (1987). Artificial Intelligence, 31(2), 232–250.

• Experiential knowledge and engineering education (1987). Presented at the McDonnell "AI and Engineering Education" Workshop, Asilomar, CA, December 13–15.

• AI and Engineering: Report on the Asilomar Workshop (1987). Organizer's report for the James S. McDonnell Foundation.

• Reconceiving the role of Artificial Intelligence in Education (1988). In K. Fielden, F. Hicks, and N. Scott (Eds.), Sixth Annual Conference of Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE-88). Canberra: Canberra College of Advanced Education (pp. 2–9).

• Commentary on Jon Sticklen’s "Problem-solving architecture at the knowledge-level" (1989). Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 1 (4), 249–253, October-December.

• The frame of reference problem in cognitive modeling (1989). Proceedings of 11th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 107–114). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

• The knowledge level reinterpreted: Modeling how systems interact (1989). Machine Learning, 4, 287–293. 

• Engineering at the college level (1989). Unpublished position paper, Institute for Research on Learning, September.

• The frontiers of AI research (1990). In L. C. Wensel and G. S. Biging (Eds.), Forest Simulation Systems: Proceedings of the IUFRO Conference, November 2–5, 1988 (pp. 113–127). Oakland, CA: University of California.

• Clancey, W. J. and Soloway, E. (1990). Artificial Intelligence and Learning Environments: Preface. Artificial Intelligence, 42, 1–6.

• Invited speaker: Bill Clancey (Introduction by Jacobijn Sandberg) (1991). AI Communications, The European Journal on Artificial Intelligence, 4 (1), 4–10.

• Situated cognition: Stepping out of representational flatland (1991). AI Communications, The European Journal on Artificial Intelligence, 4 (2/3), 109–112.

• Why today's computers don't learn the way people do (1991). In P.A. Flach and R. A. Meersman (Eds.), Future Directions in Artificial Intelligence (pp. 53–62). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

• Bartlett’s view of the group as a psychological unit (1991). AAAI Fall Symposium on Knowledge and Action at Social and Organizational Levels (pp. 20–22). Asilomar, CA: AAAI Press.

• Review of Rosenfield’s The Invention of Memory (1991). Artificial Intelligence, 50 (2), 241–284.

• The frame of reference problem in the design of intelligent machines (1991). In K. vanLehn (Ed.), Architectures for Intelligence: The Twenty-Second Carnegie Mellon Symposium on Cognition (pp. 357–424). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

• New perspectives on cognition and instructional technology (1992). In E.Costa (Ed.), New Directions for Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 3–14). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

• Overview of the Institute for Research on Learning (1992). CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 571–572).

• Roschelle, J. and Clancey, W. J. (1992). Learning as social and neural. The Educational Psychologist, 27(4), 435–453.

• Representations of knowing: In defense of cognitive apprenticeship (1992). Journal of AI Education, 3 (2), 139–168.

• Knowledge Level (1992). In S. C. Shapiro (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 1 (pp. 742–742). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

• A situated cognition perspective on learning on demand (1993). Proceedings of 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 181–183).  Boulder.

• Notes on “Epistemology of a rule-based expert system” (1993). Artificial Intelligence, 59 (1/2), 197–204.  

• Notes on “Heuristic classification” (1993). Artificial Intelligence, 59 (1-2), 191–196.   

• The knowledge level reinterpreted: Modeling socio-technical systems (1993). International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 8 (1), 33–49. 
  • Reprinted: In K. M. Ford and J. M. Bradshaw (Eds.) Knowledge Acquisition as Modeling (pp. 33–49). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993

• Situated action: A neuropsychological interpretation (Response to Vera and Simon) (1993). Cognitive Science, 17 (1), 87–107.

• The biology of consciousness: Comparative review of Israel Rosenfield, The Strange, Familiar, and Forgotten: An Anatomy of Consciousness and Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind (1993). Artificial Intelligence, 60, 313-356. 

• Guidon-Manage revisited: A socio-technical systems approach (1993). Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 4 (1), 5–34.

• Comment on diSessa (1994). Cognition and Instruction, 12 (2), 97–102.

• Situated cognition:  How representations are created and given meaning (1994).  In R. Lewis and P. Mendelsohn (Eds.), Lessons from Learning (pp. 231–242). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

• A boy scout, Toto, and a bird: How situated cognition is different from situated robotics (1995). In L. Steels and R. Brooks (Eds.), The “Artificial Life” Route to "Artificial Intelligence”: Building Situated Embodied Agents (pp. 227-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (Position paper for the 1991 NATO Workshop on Emergence, Situatedness, Subsumption, and Symbol Grounding.)

• A tutorial on situated learning (1995). In T.-W. Chan and J. Self (Eds.), Emerging computer technologies in education: Selected papers of the International Conference on Computers and Education (Taiwan) (pp. 49–70). Charlottesville, USA: AACE.

• Perceptual recategorization vs. grammatical task models—relating Neomycin, Soar, and Neural Darwinism (1995). In T.-W. Chan and J. Self (Eds.), Emerging computer technologies in education: Selected papers of the International Conference on Computers and Education (Taiwan) (pp. 207–42). Charlottesville, USA: AACE.

• The learning process in the epistemology of medical information (1995). Methods of Information in Medicine, 34 (1/2), 122–30.

• Practice cannot be reduced to theory: Knowledge, representations, and change in the workplace (1995). In S. Bagnara, C. Zuccermaglio, and S. Stucky (Eds.) Organizational Learning and Technological Change,(pp. 16–46). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

• AI: Inventing a new kind of machine (1995). ACM Computing Surveys, 27 (3), 320–322. 

• Conceptual coordination: Abstraction without description (1997). International Journal of Educational Research, 27 (1), 5–19.

• The conceptual nature of knowledge, situations, and activity (1997).  In P. Feltovich, K. Ford, and R. Hoffman (Eds.), Human and Machine Expertise in Context (pp. 247–291). Menlo Park, CA: The AAAI Press.

• Interactive coordination processes: How the brain accomplishes what we take for granted in computer languages—and then does it better (1998).  In Pylyshyn, Z. (Ed.) Constraining Cognitive Theories: Issues and Options (pp. 165–190). Greenwich: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

• Developing learning technology in practice (1998). In C. Bloom and R. B. Loftin (Eds.), Facilitating the Development and Use of Interactive Learning Environments (pp. 3–20). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Greeno, J. G., Clancey, W. J., Lewis, C., Seidenberg, M., Derry, S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Langley, P., Shafto, M., Gentner, D., Lesgold, A., and Seifert, C. M. 1998. Efforts to encourage multidisciplinarity in the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science 22 (1), 131–132.

• T. Menzies and Clancey, W. J. 1998. Editorial: the challenge of situated cognition for symbolic knowledge-based systems. Int. J. Human–Computer Studies 49, 767–769.

• Studying the varieties of consciousness: Stories about zombies or the life about us? (1999). Journal of the Learning Sciences, 8 (3–4), 525–40.

EXPERT SYSTEMS AND EDUCATION: Early Artificial Intelligence Publications (1977–1990)

• Wraith, S. M., Aikins, J. S., Buchanan, B. G., Clancey, W. J., Davis, R., Fagan, L. M., Hannigan, J. F., Scott, A. C., Shortliffe, E. H., van Melle, W. J., Yu, V. L., Axline, S. G., and Cohen, S. N. (1976). Computerized consultation system for selection of antimicrobial therapy. Amer. J. Hosp. Pharm., 33, 1304–1308.
   
• An antibiotic therapy selector which provides for explanations (1977).  Proceedings of Fifth IJCAI (p. 858).
  • Elaborated version: Details of the Revised Therapy Algorithm (1984). In B. G. Buchanan and T. H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project (pp. 133–146). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
     
• Scott, A. C., Clancey, W., Davis, R., and Shortliffe, E. H. (1977). Explanation capabilities of knowledge-based production systems. Amer J Comp Linguistics, microfiche 62.
  • Revised: Methods for Generating Explanations (1984). In B. G. Buchanan and T. H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project (pp. 338–362). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
     
• Barr, A., Bennett, J., & Clancey, W. J., (1979) Transfer of Expertise: A Theme for AI Research. Working Paper No. HPP-83-17. Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
   
• Dialogue management for rule-based tutorials (1979). Proceedings of Sixth IJCAI (pp. 155–161). Tokyo.
   
• Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue (1979). Int J of Man-Machine Studies, 11, 25–49.
   
• Transfer of rule-based expertise through a tutorial dialogue. (1979). PhD Dissertation, Computer Science Department, Stanford University. Technical Report No. STAN-CS-79-769.
  • Published book (revised): Knowledge-Based Tutoring. (1987). Cambridge: MIT Press.
     
• Clancey, W. J., Shortliffe, E. H., and Buchanan, B. G. (1979). Intelligent computer-aided instruction for medical diagnosis. Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Computing (pp. 175–183). Silver Springs, Md.
  • Revision:  Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction for Medical Diagnosis (with editors' introduction). In W. J. Clancey and E.H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade (pp. 256–274). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
     
• Yu, V. L., Fagan, L. M., Wraith, S. M., Clancey, W. J., Scott, A. C., Hannigan, J. F., Blum, R. L., Buchanan, B. G., Cohen, S. N. and the MYCIN Project Team. (1979). Antimicrobial selection by a computerized consultant—a blinded evaluation by infectious disease experts.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 242, 1279–1282.
  • Revised: An Evaluation of MYCIN’s Advice. (1984). In B. G. Buchanan and T. H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project (pp. 589–596). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
     
• Clancey, W. J. and Letsinger, R. (1981) 1984. NEOMYCIN: Reconfiguring a rule-based expert system for application to teaching.  In W. J. Clancey and E.H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade (pp. 361–381). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
  • Original: Proceedings of Seventh IJCAI, 1981, pp. 829–826.

• Feigenbaum, E.A. and Clancey, W. J. 1981. Knowledge engineering, objectives and direction.  Mathematical Sciences, 4, 11–20. (Printed in Japanese.)

• Clancey, W. J., Bennett, J. S., and Cohen, P. R. (1982). Applications-oriented AI Research: Education. In A. Barr and E. A. Feigenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 2 (pp. 223–294). Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann.

• Clancey, W. J. and Buchanan, B. G. (1982). Exploration of problem-solving and tutoring strategies: 1979–1982. (1982). Technical Report No. STAN-CS-82-910 (HPP 82-8), Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• London, B. and Clancey W. J. (1982). Plan recognition strategies in student modeling: Prediction and description. Proceedings of AAAI-82 (pp. 335–338). 
   
• The advantages of abstract control knowledge in expert system design. (1983). Proceedings of AAAI-83, pp. 74–78. 
  • Original: Representing control knowledge in abstract tasks and metarules. Technical Report No. STAN-CS-83-995 (HPP-83-17). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Communication, simulation, and intelligent agents: Implications of personal intelligent machines for medical education (1983). Proceedings of AAMSI-83 (pp. 556–560).

• GUIDON (1983). Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 10 (1/2), 8–15. Also STAN-CS-83-997 (HPP-83-42), Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Review of Jonathan Miller’s States of Mind (1983). The AI Magazine, 4 (4), 61–66, Winter.

• The epistemology of a rule-based expert system: A framework for explanation (1983). Artificial Intelligence, 20 (3), 215–252
• Revised: Extensions to Rules for Explanation and Tutoring (1984). In B. G. Buchanan and T. H. Shortliffe (Eds.), Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project (pp. 531–568). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

• Hasling, D., Clancey, W. J., and Rennels, G. (1984). Strategic explanations for a diagnostic consultation system. Int J Man-Machine Studies, 20 (1), 3–19. 
  • Reprinted in M. J. Coombs (Ed.), Developments in Expert Systems (pp. 117–133). London:  Academic Press, 1984.
     
• Acquiring, representing, and evaluating a competence model of diagnosis. (1984). In M. Chi, R. Glaser, and M. Farr (Eds.), The Nature of Expertise (pp. 343–418). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-85-1067 (HPP-84-2). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Classification problem solving (1984).  Proceedings of AAAI-84, pp. 49–55. Also STAN-CS-84-1018 (HPP-84-7), Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Methodology for building an intelligent tutoring system (1984). In W. Kintsch, J. Miller, and P. Polson (Eds.), Method and Tactics in Cognitive Science (pp. 51–83). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Reprinted in G. P. Kearsley (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence and Instruction: Application and Methods (pp. 193–227). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1987.
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-81-894 (HPP 81-18). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
     
• Knowledge acquisition for classification expert systems (1984). Proceedings of ACM Annual Conference (pp. 11–14). New York: ACM.
  • Reprinted in A.  Gupta and B. E. Prasad (Eds.), Expert Systems—Principles, IEEE Press, 1988.]

• Review of Weiss and Kulikowski’s A Practical Guide to Designing Expert Systems (1984). 
  The AI Magazine, 5 (4), 84–86, Winter.

• Teaching classification problem solving (1984). Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 44–46). Boulder.

• Wilkins, D., Buchanan, B. G., Clancey, W. J. (1984). Inferring an expert’s reasoning by watching. Proceedings of the 1984 Conference on Intelligent Systems and Machines (pp. 51–58).
  • Available: Technical Report No. HPP-84-29, Heuristic Programming Project, Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Expert system design: Lessons from applications to education (1985). Proceedings of IEEE Spring Computer Conference (p. 115). [Co-recipient of "Best session of the day" award.]

• Heuristic classification (1985). Artificial Intelligence, 27, 289–350.
  • Reprinted in J. S. Kowalik (Ed.), Knowledge-Based Problem Solving (pp. 1–67). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985.

• Review of Sowa’s Conceptual Structures:  Information Processing in Mind and Machine (1985). Artificial Intelligence, 27 (1), 113–124.

• Richer, M.H. and Clancey, W. J. (1985). GUIDON-WATCH: A graphic interface for viewing a knowledge-based system. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 5 (11), 51–64.
  • Reprinted in Lawler, R. W.  and Yazdani, M. (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Education, Volume One (pp. 373–412). New Jersey: Ablex, 1987.

• Wilkins, D. C., Clancey, W. J., and Buchanan, B. G. (1985). Odysseus: A learning apprentice. Proceedings of the Third International Machine Learning Workshop (pp. 221–223).

• Software tools for developing expert systems (1985). In I. De Lotto and M. Stefanelli (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (pp. 155–178). Pavia, Italy, 13-14 September.

• From Guidon to Neomycin and Heracles in twenty short lessons (ONR Final Report 1979-1985) (1986). AI Magazine, 7 (3), 40–60.
  • Reprinted in A. van Lamsweerde and P. Dufour (Eds.), Current Issues in Expert Systems (pp. 79–123). London:  Academic Press, 1987.

• Know-how vs. knowledge representation (1986). Proceedings of the Workshop on Knowledge Compilation (pp. 1–2).  Oregon State Technical Report, September.

• Qualitative student models (1986). Annual Review of Computer Science (pp. 381–450). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews Inc.
  • More technical version: The Role of Qualitative Models in Instruction. (1988). In J. Self (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence and Human Learning: Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction (pp. 49–68). London: Chapman & Hall.
     
• Clancey, W. J. and Bock, C. (1988). Representing control knowledge in abstract tasks and metarules.  In L. Bolc and M. J. Coombs (Eds.), Expert System Applications (pp. 1–77). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.  
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-87-1168 (KSL-85-16). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Clancey, W. J., Richer, M., Wilkins, D. C., Barnhouse, S., Kapsner, C., Leserman, D., Macias, J., Merchant, A., and Rodolitz, N.  (1986). GUIDON-DEBUG: The student as knowledge engineer. Working paper No. KSL-86-34. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Stanford University. 

• Thompson, T. F. and Clancey, W. J. (1986). A qualitative modeling shell for process diagnosis. IEEE Software, 3 (2), 6–15.
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-87-1169 (HPP-85-32). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
  • Contact me for a copy of the published IEEE version.
     
• Wilkins, D. C., Clancey, W. J. and Buchanan, B. G. (1986). An overview of the Odysseus learning apprentice. In T. M. Mitchell, J. G. Carbonell and R. S. Michalski (Eds.), Machine Learning: A Guide to Current Research (pp. 369–373). Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   
• Diagnosis, Teaching, and Learning: An Overview of GUIDON2 Research (1987). In Proceedings of AI-87, Osaka, Japan. KSL-87-32.
   
• Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A tutorial survey (1987). In A. van Lamsweerde and P. Dufour (Eds.), Current Issues in Expert Systems (pp. 39–78). London: Academic Press.
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-87-1174 (HPP-86-58). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.

• Knowledge engineering methodology: An annotated bibliography of NEOMYCIN research (1987). Second Annual Advanced Artificial Intelligence Tutorials, Oslo, Norway, July 28 - August 7.

• Detecting and coping with failure (1988). Proceedings of the Symposium on Explanation-Based Learning,  AAAI Spring Symposium Series, March.

• The knowledge engineer as student: Metacognitive bases for asking good questions. (1988). In H. Mandl and A. Lesgold (Eds.), Learning Issues in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 80–113). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-87-1183 (KSL-87-12). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
     
• Failure-driven line of reasoning explanations (1988). Presented at the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Catalina, CA, July 18–20.
   
• Wilkins, D. C., Clancey, W. J., and Buchanan, B. G. (1988). Knowledge Base Refinement by Monitoring Abstract Control Knowledge. In B. R. Gaines and J. H. Boose (Eds.), Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems (pp. 183–195). Orlando: Academic Press.
  • Reprinted from: Int J Man-Machine Studies, 27, 3, 281–293, September 1987.
     
• Wilkins, D. C., Clancey, W. J. and Buchanan, B. G. (1988). Using and Evaluating Differential Modeling in Intelligent Tutoring and Apprentice Learning Systems. In J. Psotka, L. Massey, and S. Mutter (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Lessons Learned (pp. 257–279). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Available: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-89-1175 (KSL 86-62), Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
     
• Viewing knowledge bases as qualitative models (1989). IEEE/Expert, 4 (2), 9–23.
  • Original version: Technical Report No. STAN-CS-87-1170 (KSL-86-27). Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
  • Contact me for a copy of the published IEEE version.

• Clancey, W. J. (1989). Computer-Based Tutors for Explaining and Managing the Process of Diagnostic Reasoning. ONR Final Report March 1985–December 1988. 

• Clancey, W. J. and Rodolitz, N. (1989). GUIDON-MANAGE: Teaching the Process of Medical Diagnosis. In D. Evans and V. Patel (Eds.), Cognitive Science in Medicine (pp. 313–348). Cambridge: MIT Press.

• Clancey, W. J. and Joerger, K. (1990). A practical authoring shell for apprenticeship learning. In M. Gardner, J. G. Greeno, F. Reif, A. H. Schoenfeld, A. diSessa, and E. Stage (Eds.), Toward a Scientific Practice of Science Education (pp. 141–161). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Woolf, B. P., Soloway, E., Clancey, W. J., van Lehn, K., and Suthers, D. (1990). Knowledge-based Environments for Teaching and Learning. AI Magazine 11 (5), 74–77. Report of AAAI Spring Symposium.

• Clancey, W. J. and Barbanson, M. (1991). Using the systems-model-operator metaphor for knowledge acquisition. IEEE/Expert, 6 (5), 61–65. 
  • Reprinted with minor corrections: In J. M. David, J. P. Krivine, and R. Simmons (Eds.) Second Generation Expert Systems (pp. 456–464). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
  • Original version: TOPO: Implications of the systems-model-operator metaphor for knowledge acquisition. Presented at the First Japanese Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Osaka, Japan, 1990.
  • Contact me for a copy of the published IEEE version.

• Model construction operators (1992). Artificial Intelligence, 53 (1), 1–124.

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